過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)專題訓(xùn)練，一用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，在來(lái)到倫敦之前他從未聽(tīng)人說(shuō)過(guò)一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞，四過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)翻譯練習(xí)，當(dāng)他醒來(lái)時(shí)他發(fā)現(xiàn)他被綁在一棵大樹(shù)上。
句子成分--賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
句子成分--賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。
如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語(yǔ))
☆同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。
如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)
(1) 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)的成分為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),常由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式(不
定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞等)、介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。如：Call him Jim,please. (請(qǐng)叫他Jim。)(我竭盡所能讓他開(kāi)心。)(請(qǐng)他明天來(lái)。) . (他讓小動(dòng)物們給他帶食物來(lái)。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如： (我跟你說(shuō),
讓他進(jìn)來(lái)！)/ Please put it away. (請(qǐng)把它收起來(lái)。)
(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的情況,詳見(jiàn)《八·7》“動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式”相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
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過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)填空完成句子專題練習(xí)
過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)專題訓(xùn)練
人教版必修5 Unit 2課文中過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)經(jīng)典范例：
Text 1
1. Now when people refer to England you find Wales ___________ as well. (include)
2. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland ___________ in the same peaceful way. (connect)
Text 2
1. To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels________special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.(guard)
2. It passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo _______ standing on either side of the line.(take)
過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
see/hear/find/feel/have/make/keep/get/want/wish/would/like/with等+sth(通常是物)+V-ed（動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞）
一、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1. I'd like to see the plan ________ (carry) out.
2. At that moment, I saw him _________ (cross) the road.
3. I was glad to see the children well _______ (take) care of.
4. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _____ (speak) as much as we can.
5. She raised her voice to make herself ________ (hear) by all the people in the hall.
6. I was surprised to find my hometown _________ (change) so much.
7. He got his tooth _________ (pull) out yesterday.
8. I heard an English song ________ (sing) by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.
9. It's wrong of you to leave the machine _________ (run) all the time.
10. While walking along the street, I heard my name ________ (call).
11. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ________ (lose) for words.
12. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ________ (remind) of his own dreams.
13. Claire had her luggage _________ (check) an hour before her plane left.
14. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues _________ (amuse) with her stories.
15. Alexander tried to get his work __________ (recognize) in the medical circles.
16. I'm glad to see that you had your moustache ________ (shave) off.
17. I got the story ________ (write) in French. Mr. White did it.
18. Our manager left the problem _________ (unsettle).
19. Please keep us _________ (inform) of the latest situation.
20. He had the boy _________ (throw) out the rubbish.
21. The fertilizers will make the vegetables __________ (grow) big and strong.
22. As a guard you should not let strangers ________ (enter) the gym.
23. The peasants were often made __________ (work) from morning till night.
24. The chemistry teacher let me ________ (enter ) for the chemistry competition.
25. We will send a guard _________ (guard) your school. He 's been stationed at the gate.
26. The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn't make his words _________ (understand).
27. The scientists were waiting to see the problem _________ (settle).
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28. He reads newspapers every day to keep himself _________ (inform) about what's going on in the world.
29. She fell down and broke three of her teeth. She wonders how many times she has to come here and gets her false teeth _________ (fix).
30. Mother had me ________ (go) to the shop and buy some salt.
31. It's about time that we got the kitchen _________ (repaint).
32. He made it ___________ (know) that he would not be running for re-election.
33. With his homework __________ (finish), he went out to play football.
34.I heard my name ____________ ( call).
35. We found the eggs____________( eat) by the snake.
36. I had my left arm___________(break) yesterday.
二．過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)選擇練習(xí)(注意：有部分題目為對(duì)比題，請(qǐng)認(rèn)真比對(duì)！）
1. I don’t want the children ____ out in such weather.
A. takeB. to take C. taken D. taking
2. I don’t want ____ the children out in such weather.
A. takeB. to take C. taken D. taking
3. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _______, he gladly accepted it.
A. finishedB. finishingC. having finished D. was finished
4. Helen had to shout ______ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heardD. to make herself heard
5. Helen had to shout ______ above the sound of the music.
A. making others hear B. to make others hear
C. making others heardD. to make others heard
6. Can you have the washing-machine______to my house?
A. sendB. to sendC. sentD. sending
7. Can you have someone ______ the washing-machine to my house?
A. sendB. to sendC. sentD. sending
8.She wants her paintings ______ in the gallery, but we don t think they would be very popular.
A. displayB. to display C. displayingD. displayed
9.She wants ______her paintings in the gallery, but we don t think they would be very popular.
A. displayB. to display C. displayingD. displayed
10. It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A. put awayB. putting away C. putted away D. to put away
11. It is wise to____some money for old age.
A. put awayB. putting away C. putted away D. to put away
12. I’m afraid that I can’t make myself ____ because of my poor English.
A. understandB. understandingC. to understand D. understood
13. I’m afraid that I can’t make the foreigners ____ me because of my poor English.
A. understandB. understandingC. to understand D. understood
14. Mother didn’t leave until she saw her child ____ the street and ____ the school gate.
A. crossing; entering B. crossing; enter C. cross; enteringD. cross; enter
15. We should keep them________ of what is going on here, so we must keep in touch with them.
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A. informingB. informed C. to informD. being informed
16. The manager asked me whether I knew the man with his hair ______ back.
A. tied B. tying C. to cut D. cutting
17. Without the job________, I wouldn't dare to go home.
A. finishingB. finishedC. to finishD. being finished
18. With the job________, I didn’t have time to go home.
A. finishingB. finishedC. to finishD. being finished
19. With somebody ________ the job, I had time to go home earlier.
A. finishingB. finishedC. to finishD. being finished
20. Without ________ the job , I wouldn't dare to go home.
A. finishingB. finishedC. to finishD. being finished
21. At any rate, I did not succeed in making myself ___ by you.
A. understand B. understood C. understandingD. to understand
22. At any rate, I did not succeed in making you ___ me.
A. understand B. understood C. understandingD. to understand
23. He was disappointed to find his suggestion________ down, so he had to keep silent.
A. being turned B. turnedC. to be turned D. to turn
24. The manager said that no matter what happened, he ________ the work________ within 12 hours.
A. would have; finishedB. would have; finish C. might have; endD. would have; do
25. —May I know what time by your watch?—I had mine __ on the bus yesterday.
A. missingB. steal C. stolen D. to be stolen
26.--- Good morning. Can I help you? --- I'd like to have this package _____, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighedC. weighD. weighed
27.--- Good morning. Can I help you? --- I'd like to have you_____ this package, madam.
A. be weighed B. to be weighedC. weighD. weighed
28. The master was very angry and had all the servants ___ before him.
A. to be brought B. be broughtC. broughtD. being brought
29.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ behind his back.
A. being tiedB. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
30.The murderer stood there, with some policemen_____ his hands behind his back.
A. being tiedB. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
31. My father encouraged me in painting, but he never loved to see any of my works __ in public.
A. exhibitionB. exhibited C. having exhibitedD. being exhibited
32.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ___ .
Ａ.hearB. to hearC. hearingD. heard
33.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make the audience___ him .
Ａ.hearB. to hearC. hearingD. heard
34. Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleaguesA. amusedB. amusing C. to amuseD. to be amused
35.He looked around and saw a man ____ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A. put B. to be puttingC. to put D. putting
36. Those who have questions______,raise your hands.
A. askB. to askC. askedD. asking
37.Alexander tried to get his work_______in the medical circles.
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A. to recognizeB. recognizing C.recognize D.recognized
38.He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ______.
A. to repair B. repairedC. repairingD. repair
39.He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had somebody______his watch.
A. to repair B. repairedC. repairingD. repair
40. In the past few years, we have had thousands of trees ____ around our school.
A. plant B. planted C. plantingD. being planted
41. In the past few years, we have____ thousands of trees around our school.
A. plant B. planted C. plantingD. being planted
42. John rushed out in a hurry, ____ the door ____.
A. leaving; unlocked B. leaving; unlocking C. left; unlocked D. to leave; unlocked
43. John rushed out in a hurry and ____ the door ____.
A. leaving; unlocked B. leaving; unlockingC. left; unlockedD. to leave; unlocked
44. Teachers will not make the result of the entrance exams _____ to the public until next Thursday.
A. knowingB. known C. to knowD. to be known
45.I found many villagers ______at the back of the classroom.
A. seated B. seating C. sit D. to sit down
46. .I found many villagers ______at the back of the classroom.
A. to seat B. seating C. sitting D. to sit down
47.On his return from his college, he found the house ______.
A. desertingB. desertedC. desertD.to be deserted
48.Don’t get your schedule ______; stay with us in this class.
A. changed B. worked out C. doneD. made
49. -- Did Peter fix the computer himself?
-- He ______, because he doesn't know much about computers.
A. has it fixedB. had fixed itC. had it fixedD. fixed it
50. -- Did Peter fix the computer himself?
-- He ______, because he knows much about computers.
A. has it fixedB. had fixed itC. had it fixedD. fixed it
51. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother ______ him.
A. calling B. calledC. being calledD. to call
52. After a knock at the door, the child heard his name ______.
A. calling B. calledC. being calledD. to call
53. Jackson didn't get his bicycle_____soon enough at John's because John had a lot of bicycles ____.
A. to repair; repaired B. to repair; to be repaired
C. to be repaired; to repairD. repaired; to repair
54. They should keep us ___ this matter.
A. informing about B. be informedC. be informed ofD. informed of
55. Commercial banks make most of their income _____ from interest on loans and investments in
stocks and bonds.
A. earn B. earned C. to earn D. was earned
三．完成句子。
1.When he woke up, he _________________________________________________. (surround)
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醒來(lái)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被一群孩子圍著。
2.Where did you __________________________________? (have)
你的書(shū)在哪里印刷的？
3. ________________________, I feel very relaxed now. (with)
所有的工作都做完了，我覺(jué)得現(xiàn)在很輕松。
4.They _______________________after school every day. (have)
他們每天放學(xué)后打掃教室。
5.While you were out, you should _____________________________________.(keep)
外出時(shí)，你應(yīng)關(guān)著門(mén)和窗子。
6.We had better work harder __________________________________. (get)
我們最好努力工作以便按時(shí)做完作業(yè)。
7.They knew her very well. They _______________________________ from childhood. (grow) 他們對(duì)她很了解。他們看著她從小長(zhǎng)大的。
8.The next morning she _______________________________________. (lie)
第二天早上，她發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)男人躺在床上，死了。
9._______________________________, the man can't afford a ticket. (steal)
錢(qián)被偷了，那個(gè)人買不起票了。
10. When his wife returned., the husband noticed ______________________. (cut)
妻子回來(lái)時(shí)，丈夫注意到她的頭發(fā)剪短了。
11.Before he came to London, he had never _____________________________________. (speak) 在來(lái)到倫敦之前，他從未聽(tīng)人說(shuō)過(guò)一個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
12.With __________________________, the room seems larger. (paint)
墻刷成白色的了，房間看上去大了。
13. To their great fear, they ____________________________________________ in the heaviest snowfall they had ever had. (catch)
使他們恐懼的是，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們遇上了從未遇上的大雪。
14.Having passed all the tests, she felt a great weight ________________________________. (take) 通過(guò)了所有的測(cè)試，他感到輕松多了。
15. With the boy ____________________, the soldiers got to the position in time.
有那個(gè)小男孩領(lǐng)著路，士兵及時(shí)地到達(dá)了陣地。
四．過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)翻譯練習(xí)。
1.我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的錢(qián)包被偷了。
2.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌被唱了好幾次。
3.我們看見(jiàn)那小偷被警察抓住了。
4.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)水被污染了。
5.我們已使我們的觀點(diǎn)被他們知道。
6.我看見(jiàn)一個(gè)老人被撞倒了。
7.老師不希望這樣的問(wèn)題在課堂上討論。
8.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)女孩一個(gè)人坐在那里。
9.Tom發(fā)現(xiàn)他穿著他哥的衣服。
10.工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
11.該把你的衣服洗洗了。
12.我希望把房子粉刷成白色。
13.你應(yīng)該設(shè)法讓人聽(tīng)懂你的話。
14.太吵了，我的聲音不被別人聽(tīng)見(jiàn)。
15.你有空時(shí)最好去把身體 檢查一下。
16.The day ended with nothing settled.
17.I had my hand burned in the fire.
18.I must have the work finished before Sunday.
19.Please keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.
20.When he woke up, he found himself tied to a big tree.
21.You'd better have your MP3 repaired.
22.They wanted themselves introduced in public.
23.Why don’t you get the job done by somebody else ?
24.I want these things changed.
25.The police found a car broken by the roadside.
參考答案：
經(jīng)典范例：
Text 1: 1. included2. connected
Text 2: 1. guarded2. taken
一、用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1. carried
2. crossing
3. taken
4. spoken
5. heard
6. changed
7. pulled
8. being sung
9. running
10. called
11. lost
12. reminded
13. checked
14. amused
15. recognized
16. shaved
17. written
18. unsettled
19. informed
20. throw
21. grow
22. enter
23. to work
24. enter
25. to guard
26. understood
27. settled
28. informed
29. fixed
30. go
31. repainted
32. known
33. finished
34. called
35. eaten
36. broken
二．過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)選擇練習(xí)
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. D
11. A
12. D
13. A
14. D
15. B
16. A
17. B
18. C
19. C
20. A
21. B
22. A
23. B
24. A
25. C
26. D
27. C
28. C
29. D
30. B
31. B
32. D
33. A
34. A
35. D
36. B
37. D
38. B
39. D
40. B
41. B
42. A
43. C
44. B
45. A
46. C
47. B
48. A
49. C
50. B
51. A
52. B
55. B
三．完成句子。
1. found himself surrounded by a group of children
2. have your book printed
3. With all the work finished
4. have their classroom cleaned
5. keep your doors and windows closed
6. to get our homework finished on time
7. watched her grow up
8. found the man lying on bed dead
9. With his money stolen
10. her hair cut short
11. heard an English word spoken
12. the wall painted white
13. found themselves caught in
14. taken off him
四．過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)翻譯練習(xí)。
1. I found my wallet stolen.
2. I heard this song sung several times.
3. We saw the thief caught by the police.
4. People found the water polluted.
5. We have made our viewpoint known by them.
6. I saw an old man knocked down.
7. The teacher didn’t want the problem discussed in class.
8. We found the girl seated there alone.
9. Tom found him dressed in his elder brother’s clothes.
10. With the work finished, they went out to play.
11. It’s time to get your clothes washed.
12. I want the house painted white.
13. I should try to have yourself understood.
14. It’s too noisy. I can’t make myself heard.
15. You’d better have yourself examined when you are free.
16. 什么都沒(méi)解決，這天就結(jié)束了。
17. 我的手在火里燙傷了。
18. 我必須在星期日之前完成工作。
19. 請(qǐng)閉上嘴張開(kāi)眼。
20. 當(dāng)他醒來(lái)時(shí)，他發(fā)現(xiàn)他被綁在一棵大樹(shù)上。
21. 你最好把你的MP3修一下。
22. 他們希望有人在公眾場(chǎng)合介紹他們。
23. 你為什么不讓其他人完成這份工作？
24. 我希望改變這些事情。
25. 警方發(fā)現(xiàn)路邊有一輛車壞掉了。
劃分句子成分及賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的區(qū)別
劃分句子成分
一、什么是句子
句子是由詞或詞組構(gòu)成的，是具有一定語(yǔ)調(diào)并表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意思的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用單位。根據(jù)用途和語(yǔ)氣，句子可以分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句。根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)可分為單句和復(fù)句。
二、句子成分說(shuō)明
1、主語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)陳述的對(duì)象，指明說(shuō)的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。例如：
（1）中國(guó)人民志氣高。
（2）提高整個(gè)中華民族的科學(xué)文化水平是億萬(wàn)人民群眾的切身事業(yè)。
2、謂語(yǔ)
謂語(yǔ)是陳述主語(yǔ)的，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“是什么”或“怎么樣”。例如：
（1）滿天烏云頓時(shí)消散了。
（2）樹(shù)葉黃了。
（3）小王今年十六歲。
（4）魯迅是中國(guó)現(xiàn)代文學(xué)的奠基人。
（5）明天星期日。
（6）什么書(shū)他都看。
3、賓語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)在動(dòng)語(yǔ)后面，表示動(dòng)作、行為涉及的人或事物，回答“誰(shuí)”或“什么”一類問(wèn)題。例如：
（1）什么叫信息？
（2）門(mén)口圍著一群看熱鬧的。
（3）馬克思認(rèn)為知識(shí)是進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)和為無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)解放事業(yè)服務(wù)的手段。
4、定語(yǔ)
定語(yǔ)是名語(yǔ)前面的連帶成分，用來(lái)修飾、名詞表示人或事物性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、數(shù)量、所屬等。例如：
（1）那（沉甸甸）的稻谷，象一壟壟（全黃）的珍珠。
（2）（三杯）美酒敬親人。
（3）雪野中有（血紅）的寶珠山茶，（白中隱青）的（單瓣）梅花。
（4）（中國(guó)）的歷史有（自己）的特點(diǎn)。
5、狀語(yǔ)
狀語(yǔ)是動(dòng)語(yǔ)或形容詞前面的連帶成分，用來(lái)修飾、限制動(dòng)詞或形容詞，表示動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)、方式、時(shí)間、處所或程度等。例如：
（1）他[已經(jīng)]走了。
（2）咱們[北京]見(jiàn)。
（3）歌聲[把王老師]帶入深沉的回憶。
（4）科學(xué)[終于以偉大的不可抑制的力量]戰(zhàn)勝了神權(quán)。
副詞、形容詞經(jīng)常作狀語(yǔ)，表時(shí)間、處所的名詞經(jīng)常作狀語(yǔ)，一般名詞不作狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞中除助動(dòng)詞外，一般動(dòng)詞很少作狀語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)常作狀語(yǔ)。一般狀語(yǔ)緊連在中心高速的前邊，但表時(shí)間、處所、目的的名詞或介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以放在主語(yǔ)的前邊，如，[在杭州]我們游覽了西湖勝景。
6、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞或形容詞后面的連帶成分，一般用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明動(dòng)作、行為的情況、結(jié)果、程度、趨向、時(shí)間、處所、數(shù)量、性狀等。例如：
（1）廣大人民干得〈熱火朝天〉。
（2）他寫(xiě)的字比原來(lái)不是好〈一點(diǎn)〉，而是好得〈多〉。
（3）他生〈于1918年〉。
（4）他坐〈在桌子旁〉。
（5）顏色是那么濃，濃得〈好像要流下來(lái)似的〉。
7、獨(dú)立成分
在句子中不與其他成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀、補(bǔ)）產(chǎn)生結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，但意義上又是全句所必需的，具有相對(duì)獨(dú)立性的一種成分，用來(lái)表示稱謂呼叫，對(duì)事物原推測(cè)、估計(jì)、注釋、補(bǔ)充、感嘆、摹擬語(yǔ)氣等。例如：
（1）事情明擺著，你看，我們能不管嗎？
（2）十分明顯，不大大提高整個(gè)中華民族的科學(xué)文化水平，四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化就是一句空話。
（3）啊，多么使人心醉的絢麗燦爛的秋色！
（4）砰，砰，一陣槍聲傳來(lái)……
充當(dāng)獨(dú)立成分的，有的是一個(gè)詞，有的是短語(yǔ)，它在句子的位置比較靈活，有的在句首，有的在句中。
8、復(fù)指成分
用兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞或短語(yǔ)指同一事物，作同一個(gè)句子成分。例如：
（1）先生自己也要書(shū)。
（2）國(guó)家要獨(dú)立，民族要解放，人民要革命，這已經(jīng)成為。擋不住的歷史潮流。
（3）這就是朝鮮戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上一次最壯麗的戰(zhàn)斗——松骨峰戰(zhàn)斗。
狀——修飾全句的]+（定）主+[狀]謂<動(dòng)補(bǔ)>+（定）賓+<賓補(bǔ)>。
[每當(dāng)有外地人來(lái)]，（好客的）天津人[總是][眉飛色舞地]談<起了>（天津的）小吃<有多么地道>
區(qū)分參考：
其一，細(xì)推敲兩種概念，從回答問(wèn)題入手。
賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞中心語(yǔ)的支配對(duì)象，補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是對(duì)動(dòng)詞、形容詞中心詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用的成份，根據(jù)這兩個(gè)不同的概念，我們知道賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞的連帶成分，它與動(dòng)詞之間是被涉及與涉及的關(guān)系，回答的是“誰(shuí)”或“什么”一類的問(wèn)題；而補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞或形容詞后邊的連帶成分，它與動(dòng)詞、形容詞之間是補(bǔ)充和被補(bǔ)充，說(shuō)明和被說(shuō)明的關(guān)系，回答的“怎么樣”的問(wèn)題。例如：
（1）他打球。
（2）他打〈輸〉了。
例（1）中，“球”是“打”涉及的對(duì)象，回答“什么”的問(wèn)題，所以是賓語(yǔ)：例（2）中“輸”是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明“打”的結(jié)果，回答的是“怎么樣”的問(wèn)題，所以是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
從概念和回答不同問(wèn)題兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行比較是區(qū)分賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的最基本方法。
其二，依詞性類別判定，細(xì)辨認(rèn)數(shù)量結(jié)構(gòu)。
用分辨詞性的辦法進(jìn)行對(duì)比也是判定句子成份的方法之一。賓語(yǔ)作為動(dòng)詞所涉及的對(duì)象，經(jīng)常用名詞、代詞或其他名詞性短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)；而補(bǔ)語(yǔ)則經(jīng)常用形容詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞結(jié)構(gòu)或其他動(dòng)詞、形容詞性的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)。例如：
（1）他看書(shū)。
（2）他看〈完〉了。
（3）他看什么？
（4）他看得〈很認(rèn)真〉。
（5）他去新華書(shū)店。
（6）他來(lái)〈自南方〉。
以上（1）（3）（5）句子分別以名詞、代詞和名詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，而（2）（4）（6）句則以動(dòng)詞、形容詞或介詞結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
數(shù)量結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中既可以充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，也可以充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，這時(shí)我們就要從詞的意義上去區(qū)分。
例如：他寫(xiě)了三篇；他唱了〈三遍〉。
前者中“三篇”指文章之類的東西，是以定語(yǔ)代替中心詞，故而是賓語(yǔ)；而后者中“三遍”是指唱的次數(shù)，是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明“唱”這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的，故而是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
又如：他浪費(fèi)了三天，他休息了〈三天〉。
以上兩個(gè)句子都出現(xiàn)了“三天”這個(gè)“數(shù)詞＋時(shí)間名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，“三天”后面顯然都省去了“時(shí)間”這個(gè)中心詞。 這時(shí)我們要看謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞能否跟省略去的“時(shí)間”一詞進(jìn)行搭配。能搭配成為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的，說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞后面的是賓語(yǔ)；如果不能，則是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。在前一句中“浪費(fèi)”可與中心詞“時(shí)間”構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以“三天時(shí)間”的“三天”是定語(yǔ)代替中心詞充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。在后一句中，“休息”雖然可與“時(shí)間”搭配，但構(gòu)成了偏正關(guān)系，而不是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，不合句意，故而這里的“三天”是表示時(shí)段的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
再如：他買了二米，線長(zhǎng)〈二米〉。
前者“二米”是“買”的對(duì)象，自然是賓語(yǔ)。后者“二米”是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明形容詞“長(zhǎng)”的，形容詞具有不帶賓語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，故而這“二米”只能是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。此外，非動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞“有、等于、變成”等后面所帶的數(shù)量結(jié)構(gòu)都是這些詞所涉及的對(duì)象，所以不是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，而是賓語(yǔ)。
例如：我有十個(gè)；一個(gè)變成了二個(gè)；三個(gè)加三個(gè)等于六個(gè)。這些句子中的數(shù)量結(jié)構(gòu)都是賓語(yǔ)。
其三，用“得”、“這”二字檢驗(yàn)，從“順序”“結(jié)構(gòu)”分析。
我們知道，結(jié)構(gòu)助詞“得”是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的標(biāo)志。如：
他笑得〈非常天真〉；
這花香得〈很〉；
他說(shuō)得〈怎么樣〉？
但是，如果“得”字不作為結(jié)構(gòu)助詞而作為獨(dú)立詞素出現(xiàn)時(shí)，我們就不能混為一談。如：
他懂得這事。
你值得學(xué)習(xí)。
這些句子中“得”字與其它詞素結(jié)合而成一個(gè)不可分割的詞，故而不是補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的標(biāo)志，它后面的成份是賓語(yǔ)。 用代詞“這”可以判定“個(gè)”字的賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)�！皞�(gè)”字是最常見(jiàn)的量詞，通常用在名詞前頭。例如：
（1）吃個(gè)西瓜。
（2）吃個(gè)〈痛快〉。
第（1）句中“西瓜”是“吃”對(duì)象，是賓語(yǔ)，且可以在“個(gè)”字前面加“這”字；第（2）句中“痛快”是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明“吃”的，不可能在“個(gè)”字前邊加“這”字。也就是說(shuō)，通常情況下“個(gè)”字前邊能加“這”字的是賓語(yǔ)，否則即為補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。 一般說(shuō)，動(dòng)詞后邊同時(shí)有賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，是補(bǔ)在前、賓在后，所以賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)在動(dòng)詞后的位置有時(shí)也可以做為判定依據(jù)。如：
他打了〈三次〉球。
我織〈成〉一件毛衣。
但也有些情況卻恰恰相反，是賓在前、補(bǔ)在后。例：
（1）他每天上山〈兩趟〉。
當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是量詞結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，這種順序較為常見(jiàn)。例：
（2）你拿杯水〈來(lái)〉吧！他撕〈下〉一張紙〈來(lái)〉。
這兩個(gè)句子中前者補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是趨向動(dòng)詞，置于賓語(yǔ)之后；后者補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是合成趨向動(dòng)詞，兩個(gè)部份分別置于賓語(yǔ)前頭和后頭。有些介詞結(jié)構(gòu)也可以放置在賓語(yǔ)之后作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如：這件事〈給人以巨大的鼓舞〉。
另外，有些形式相同的短語(yǔ)可以通過(guò)分析結(jié)構(gòu)的方法來(lái)對(duì)比判定。
例如：他跑〈下大堤〉。他摘下眼鏡。這兩個(gè)句子中都有帶“下”字的詞組，前一句“下”與“大堤”構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，做“跑”的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明跑的結(jié)果是下了大堤，而不是“大堤”被“跑下”；后一句的“下”與“摘”搭配成詞，做謂語(yǔ)，“眼鏡”做“摘下”一詞的賓語(yǔ)“眼鏡”是被“摘下”；再如：我希望去一次；我去〈一次〉。這兩個(gè)句子中也都有形式相同的“去一次”，但根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)分析，它在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞蒿@然不同。
總之，雖然賓語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)有難以分辨的一面，但只要我們?cè)诮虒W(xué)過(guò)程中認(rèn)真對(duì)待，多做對(duì)比、總結(jié)，經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)訓(xùn)練，總還是能夠達(dá)到預(yù)期目的的。
三、句子成分的名稱及符號(hào)
名稱：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
符號(hào)：主語(yǔ)= 謂語(yǔ) － 賓語(yǔ)～
定語(yǔ) （ ）狀語(yǔ) [ ]補(bǔ)語(yǔ) < >
①句子的基本成分是：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。
補(bǔ)充成分是：定 語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
②主語(yǔ)部分和謂語(yǔ)部分之間可用‖劃開(kāi)。
句子成分劃分口訣
（一）主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)，主干枝葉分清楚。主干成分主謂賓，枝葉成分定狀補(bǔ)。
定語(yǔ)必在主賓前，謂前為狀謂后補(bǔ)。
（二）看全句、抓中心，縮句先找主謂賓。主干原句有歧義，恰當(dāng)帶上狀補(bǔ)定。
謂語(yǔ)前有狀形容，定語(yǔ)修飾主和賓�！暗摹薄暗亍薄暗谩币智�，定狀補(bǔ)、它標(biāo)明。
劃分句子的口訣：
（1）句子成分要?jiǎng)潓?duì)，（2）縱觀全局找主謂。
（3）主前定狀謂后補(bǔ)，（4）謂前只有狀地位。
（5）“的”定“地”狀“得”后補(bǔ)， （6）賓語(yǔ)只受謂支配。
四、（1）劃分句子成分，首先要研究主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。
主語(yǔ)：是謂語(yǔ)陳述的對(duì)象，指明說(shuō)的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。
謂語(yǔ)：是陳述主語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)“是什么”或“怎么樣”。
賓語(yǔ)：在動(dòng)詞后面，表示動(dòng)作、行為所涉及的人或事物，回答“誰(shuí)”或“什么”一類問(wèn)題。
句子一般有兩種情況：寫(xiě)人、寫(xiě)物（寫(xiě)事、寫(xiě)物）。分析句子時(shí)，首先判斷是“寫(xiě)人”還是“寫(xiě)物”。
①寫(xiě)人格式：“誰(shuí)” ＋ “干什么”
（主語(yǔ)） （謂語(yǔ)）（ 賓語(yǔ)）
例：楊亞 ‖ 寫(xiě) 字
主 謂 賓
注意：處理復(fù)雜的單句時(shí)，要抓主干。
例：一中的楊亞║在課桌上寫(xiě)著毛筆字。
主謂 賓
②寫(xiě)物
格式：“什么事”或“什么物”＋“怎么樣”
（ 主語(yǔ) ） （謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)）
例：貓 ‖捉 魚(yú)
主 謂 賓
例：一只小貓‖在盆邊捉了一條大魚(yú)
主 謂 賓
注意：“是”為典型的動(dòng)詞，一般是“謂語(yǔ)”。
例如： 他 ‖ 是學(xué)生
主謂 賓
（2）劃分句子成分，還要抓住枝干（定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）
定語(yǔ)：在句子中起著修飾、限制主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)的作用。
狀語(yǔ)：修飾、限制謂語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)，一般在謂語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)前面，有的在句子最前面，交待時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、范圍、情況等。
補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：對(duì)謂語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，一般放在謂語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)之后。
例： 畫(huà)眉 唱歌
這是一個(gè)把主語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)單提出的句子。原句是 “兩只美麗的畫(huà)眉高興地唱一首歌�！� ①（兩只美麗的）畫(huà)眉
“兩只美麗”是 “畫(huà)眉”——主語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)的修飾部分，叫“定語(yǔ)”。
②[高興]地唱
謂語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)“唱”前邊的修飾、限制成分——“高興”為“狀語(yǔ)”。
③（一首）歌
賓語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)“歌”前的修飾、限制部分——“一首”為“定語(yǔ)”。
④．歌唱得＜好＞
修飾、限制謂語(yǔ)中心語(yǔ)“唱”，并放在它后面的部分——“好”為“補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”。
示例及練習(xí)部分
1、魯班是我國(guó)古代春秋時(shí)期一位著名的建筑工匠。
答案：（魯班）主語(yǔ)（是）謂語(yǔ)（我國(guó)古代春秋時(shí)期一位著名的建筑）定語(yǔ)（工匠）賓語(yǔ)。
2、那個(gè)時(shí)候的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力還十分落后。
答案：（那個(gè)時(shí)候的）（社會(huì)）定語(yǔ)（生產(chǎn)力）主語(yǔ)（還）（十分）狀語(yǔ)（落后）謂語(yǔ)。
3、魯班接受了一項(xiàng)大的建筑工程任務(wù)。
答案：（魯班）主語(yǔ)（接受）謂語(yǔ)（了）狀語(yǔ)（一項(xiàng)大的建筑工程）定語(yǔ)（任務(wù)）賓語(yǔ)。
4、魯班從中得到啟發(fā)。
答案：（魯班）主語(yǔ)（從中）狀語(yǔ)（得到）謂語(yǔ)（啟發(fā)）賓語(yǔ)。
5、蔡倫出生在一個(gè)貧苦的鐵匠家里。
答案：（蔡倫）主語(yǔ)（出生）謂語(yǔ)（在一個(gè)貧苦的鐵匠家里）補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。
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