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如何區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句
在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)過(guò)程中，定語(yǔ)從句和同位從句是非常重要的一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)，那么我們?cè)撊绾螀^(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句呢？下面是小編為大家整理的區(qū)分方法，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
1. 從詞類(lèi)上區(qū)別
同位語(yǔ)從句前面的名詞只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定內(nèi)涵的名詞，而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞，主句的一部分或是整個(gè)主句，如:
The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人們經(jīng)常討論大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)力將會(huì)在家里工作的可能性。(同位語(yǔ)從句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我們的隊(duì)贏了,這讓我們很高興。(定語(yǔ)從句)
2. 從性質(zhì)上區(qū)別
定語(yǔ)從句是從句對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制,屬于形容詞性從句的范疇;而同位語(yǔ)從句是從句對(duì)前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明和解釋,屬于名詞性從句的范疇，如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊(duì)贏了那場(chǎng)比賽的消息是真的。(同位語(yǔ)從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明news到底是一個(gè)什么消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)消息是真的。(定語(yǔ)從句,news在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)。)
3.定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，只是位置提前了。缺少了引導(dǎo)詞，從句是不完整的。而同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞不作從句中的任何成分，沒(méi)有引導(dǎo)詞參與，主句仍然完整。例如：
that作引導(dǎo)詞（which，who同理）在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
The fact that（which） we talked about is very important．我們所談?wù)摰哪莻�(gè)事實(shí)很重要。（定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作about的賓語(yǔ)）
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody．他實(shí)驗(yàn)成功這個(gè)事實(shí)使我們大家很高興。（同位語(yǔ)從句，that只起連接作用）
The news that you heard is true．你聽(tīng)到的消息是真的。（定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作heard的賓語(yǔ)）
Here comes the news that some tourists from America will come to our village．消息傳來(lái)，說(shuō)一些美國(guó)旅游者要來(lái)我們村。（同位語(yǔ)從句，that只起連接作用）
在作定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)，when=介詞+which（表時(shí)間），其先行詞是一個(gè)時(shí)間名詞；而where=介詞+which（表地點(diǎn)），其先行詞是一個(gè)地點(diǎn)名詞。例如：
I will never forget the day when I joined the army.（when=on the day，先行詞day為時(shí)間名詞）
This is the house where I lived two years ago.（where=in the house，先行詞house為地點(diǎn)名詞）
在做同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)，when，where與其引導(dǎo)的從句共同構(gòu)成變了形的疑問(wèn)句，其先行詞不一定是時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)名詞。例如：
We have no idea when she was born．（從句when she was born是疑問(wèn)句when was she born？的變形，idea不是時(shí)間名詞）
He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held．（從句where the meeting would be held是疑問(wèn)句where would the meeting be held？的變形，先行詞question不是地點(diǎn)名詞）
whom，whose分別在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)自行分析拆解
4.根據(jù)先行詞區(qū)分
定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是任意的；而同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞通常是一些有內(nèi)容的詞，包括但不限于：news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words，possibility等。
5. 從引導(dǎo)詞及其在句子中的成分上區(qū)別
有些引導(dǎo)詞如how, whether, what可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,但不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我們是否需要它這個(gè)問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有考慮。(同位語(yǔ)從句)
引導(dǎo)詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),在從句中一般做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)(指物時(shí)還可以用which代替),并且作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常常省略，that在同位語(yǔ)從句中僅起連接作用,不充當(dāng)任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which來(lái)代替，如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我們應(yīng)派幾個(gè)人去幫別的幾個(gè)小組的命令昨天收到了。(同位語(yǔ)從句,是對(duì)order的具體解釋,that雖不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我們昨天收到的命令是我們應(yīng)該派幾個(gè)人去幫助別的幾個(gè)小組。(定語(yǔ)從句,是名詞order的修飾語(yǔ),that在從句中作received的賓語(yǔ),可以省略。)
【例句】
The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
【解析】
句子可拆分為：The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
主句為：The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)為: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短語(yǔ)修飾the issue, of 短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)一般譯在后面；that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位語(yǔ)從句，（即是evidence的具體內(nèi)容）。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)明suggestions的具體內(nèi)容。）第一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句可以直接翻譯在所修飾詞后面。第二個(gè)同位語(yǔ)可以放在所修飾的名詞前面，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。
【參考譯文】
越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明，這個(gè)紅色行星上曾經(jīng)有穩(wěn)定而豐富的液態(tài)水，而且人們對(duì)從火星落到地球上的細(xì)菌化石隕石的說(shuō)法一直有爭(zhēng)論，使火星上是否存在過(guò)生命和是否至今仍有生命的問(wèn)題成為了引人注目的重點(diǎn)。
【真題】
1. There is hard evidence___________George has something to do with the murder.
A.which
B.what
C.why
D.that
2.It is the promise _______ the government will ban students from using mobile phones at school _______ excites the teachers and parents.
A.that, that
B.which, that
C.不填 ; that
D.that, which
3.The information sent by the robots from Mars has offered a scientific proof _______ there existed water on Mars.
A.if
B.whether
C.where
D.that
4.—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea ____________ he did it; that’s one of his favorite universities.
A. when
B. why
C. that
D. how
5. The belief,as is a commonly accepted saying ___________ practice makes perfect fails to work wonders if repeated without action.
A.what
B.which
C.that
D.where
參考答案
1. D
2.A
3.D
4.B
5. C
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