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定語(yǔ)從句講解

時(shí)間:2022-02-08 11:05:30 英語(yǔ) 我要投稿

定語(yǔ)從句講解

  英語(yǔ)是按照分布面積而言最流行的語(yǔ)言,但母語(yǔ)者數(shù)量是世界第三,僅次于漢語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)。它是學(xué)習(xí)最廣泛的第二語(yǔ)言,是近60個(gè)主權(quán)國(guó)家的官方語(yǔ)言或官方語(yǔ)言之一。下面是小編精心整理的定語(yǔ)從句講解,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

  一、了解定語(yǔ)從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)

  1. 定語(yǔ)從句:修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面,相當(dāng)于形容詞在句中作定語(yǔ)。

  2. 先行詞:被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。

  3. 關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;關(guān)系副詞有where,when,why等。

  He is the man who I want to see. 他就是我想見(jiàn)的人。

  先行詞 關(guān)系詞 定語(yǔ)從句

  二、掌握關(guān)系代詞及其作用

  最常用的關(guān)系代詞是who, whom, whose, that,which和as。關(guān)系代詞同時(shí)起了兩個(gè)作用。它們可以像別的代詞一樣,可以代表一個(gè)名詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),同時(shí),它們又起到了連詞的作用,把主句和從句連接起來(lái)。

  1. who指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中一般做主語(yǔ)。如:

  Do you know the man who is speaking to your father? 你認(rèn)識(shí)和你爸爸講話的那個(gè)人嗎?(定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the man,who在定語(yǔ)從句中作is speaking的主語(yǔ))

  This is the stranger who helped us yesterday. 這是昨天幫助我們的那個(gè)陌生人。

  She is the girl who works hard at maths. 她就是那個(gè)努力學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)的女孩。

  2. whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中,whom可以省略。如:

  He is the man (whom) we just talked about. 他就是我們剛才談?wù)摰哪莻(gè)人。

  The boy (whom) we met in the street yesterday is my classmate. 我們昨天在大街上遇到的那個(gè)男孩是我的同學(xué)。

  3. whose既可以指人,也可以指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)修飾它后面的名詞。如:

  This is the girl whose father is a policeman. 這就是那個(gè)爸爸是警察的女孩。

  They live in a house whose windows face south. 他們住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。

  4. which指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。如:

  Physics is a subject which is very difficult to learn. 物理是一門很難學(xué)的科目。(在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ),不能省略)

  Apples are the fruit (which) she likes best. 蘋果是她最喜歡的水果。

  5. that既可以指人,也可以指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which。that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。如:

  He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。

  We like programs that are very interesting. 我們喜歡有趣的節(jié)目。

  She is the woman (that) we saw in the bookshop. 她是我們?cè)跁暌?jiàn)到的那名婦女。

  6. that指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who或者whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)。如:

  The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 來(lái)這個(gè)城市參觀的人數(shù)每年增長(zhǎng)一百萬(wàn)。

  Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 今天早晨我看見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人在哪里?

  三、掌握關(guān)系副詞及其作用

  關(guān)系副詞有when、where、why,他們?cè)谝龑?dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),既在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),又起連接作用。

  1. When指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:

  I still remember the day when I first came to Dalian. 我仍然記得第一次來(lái)大連那天的情景。

  He told me the date when he joined the party. 他告訴了我他入黨的時(shí)間。

  They stayed with me for three weeks when they drank all the wine I had.他們和我一起住了三個(gè)星期,在那三周里,把我所有的葡萄酒都喝光了。

  2. where指地點(diǎn)、在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。如:

  This is the house where we lived when we were young. 這就是我們小時(shí)候住的房子。

  This is the village where I grew up. 這就是我長(zhǎng)大的那個(gè)村莊。

  Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake. 杭州是個(gè)有一個(gè)美麗的湖泊的城市。

  3. why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。如:

  I know the reason why he was late for the meeting. 我知道他開(kāi)會(huì)遲到的原因。

  Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation? 你知道他拒絕應(yīng)邀的原因嗎?

  That is the reason why I’ve changed so much. 那就是我變化這么快的原因。

  四、學(xué)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題

  1. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的'選用

  如果先行詞是表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的名詞,不能就一律斷定要用關(guān)系副詞when或where,務(wù)必要看引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作什么成分,如果作狀語(yǔ),用關(guān)系副詞,如做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)要用關(guān)系代詞。當(dāng)reason做先行詞時(shí),也需注意其引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作什么成分,不能斷定一概用why來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如:

  I’ll never forget the time when we worked together. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們一起工作的時(shí)光。 (work是不及物動(dòng)詞,when在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ),故用關(guān)系副詞。)

  I’ll never forget the time (which/that) we spent together. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們一起渡過(guò)的時(shí)光。

  spend是及物動(dòng)詞,which/that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),故用關(guān)系代詞,也可以省略。)

  This is the factory where he worked before. 這是他以前工作過(guò)的工廠。(work是不及物動(dòng)詞,where在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。)

  This is the factory which/that he visited before. 這是他以前參觀過(guò)的工廠。(visit是及物動(dòng)詞,which/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ),亦可省略。)

  The reason why I was absent yesterday was that I was ill. 我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。定語(yǔ)從句中缺狀語(yǔ),表示原因,故用關(guān)系副詞why)

  The reason that he explained for his being late was that he had missed the early bus.他所解釋的遲到的原因是他誤了頭班汽車。(explain是及物動(dòng)詞,that在從句中作其賓語(yǔ))

  再看一個(gè)例題:

 。1)This is the factory ________ I visited last year.

  (2)This is the factory _______ I worked last year.

 。3)This is the factory _______ produces all kinds of TV sets.

  A. where B. which C. whom D. whose

  以上三個(gè)句子只有細(xì)微的差別,但答案卻不同:(1)和(3)選B. which。(2)選A. where。做這種題時(shí),要看先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系;(1)中是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,即I visited the factory,因此選which。(2)中factory應(yīng)在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),即:I worked in the factory,因此選where。(3)中是作定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ),不作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),因此選which。

  2. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用that的幾種情況

  1)當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí),或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)。如:

  Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? 你把李先生說(shuō)的話都記下來(lái)了嗎?

  There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. 在他看來(lái)世界上似乎沒(méi)有不可能的是。

  All that can be done has been done.所有能做的事情都做了。

  2)當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾。如:

  The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 他們?cè)趥惗貐⒂^的第一個(gè)地方就是“大本鐘”。

  3)當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如:

  I think the film Assembly is the best film that I have seen. 我認(rèn)為電影《集結(jié)號(hào)》是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。

  4)當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(shí)。如:

  This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這就是我想買的那本辭典。

  After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 房子失火以后,那輛舊汽車就是他唯一的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

  5)當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。如:

  Who is the man that is standing there? 站在那兒那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?

  Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件T恤適合我穿?

  6)當(dāng)先行詞既有人,也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)。如:

  Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?你還記得我們學(xué)到的那個(gè)科學(xué)家及他的理論嗎?

  3. 區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句

  1)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞,它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系;同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的關(guān)系。如:

  The plane that has just taken off is for London. 剛起飛的飛機(jī)是去倫敦的。(定語(yǔ)從句)

  The fact that he has been dead is clear. 他已經(jīng)死亡的事實(shí)是清楚的。(同位語(yǔ)從句)

  2)定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分,有時(shí)可以省略;同位語(yǔ)從句主要由that引導(dǎo),在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等詞引導(dǎo),充當(dāng)成分。如:

  The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問(wèn)題是怎樣籌集那么多錢。 (定語(yǔ)從句)

  The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. 怎樣籌集錢的問(wèn)題很難解決。(同位語(yǔ)從句)

  3)同位語(yǔ)從句和先行詞一般可以用be動(dòng)詞發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子,而定語(yǔ)從句不可以。如:

  The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)這一事實(shí)是眾所周知的。(同位語(yǔ)從句)

  The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. 這個(gè)事實(shí)就是地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。

  3. 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例如:

  There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。

  Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

  Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

  4. that代替關(guān)系副詞

  that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略,例如:

  His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

  He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。

  五、考點(diǎn)鏈接

  1. 考查that

  Do you still remember the chicken farm _______ we visited three months ago?

  A. where B. when C. that D. what (2005北京春)

  【解析】C、從句中visited 是及物動(dòng)詞,而且沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),要用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

  2. 考查who,whom和whose

  1)Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t.

  A. who; 不填 B. 不填; who C. who; who D. 不填表; 不填(2006北京卷)

  【解析】C、第一空定語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ),必須用who,不能省略;第二空也是關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ),不能省略。

  2)Look out! Don’t get too close to the house______ roof is under repair.

  A. whose B. which C. of which D. what (2006福建卷)

  【解析】A、從句中缺少的是roof的定語(yǔ),在定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)用whose,whose可以修飾人,也可以修飾物。

  3. 考查when,where和when

  1)—Where did you get to know her?

  —It was on the farm _________ we worked. (2007 山東卷)

  A. that B. there C. which D. where

  【解析】D、work是不及物動(dòng)詞,不需要賓語(yǔ),所以用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

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