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2016年托福考試閱讀題考前解題策略
托福閱讀考試中一共十種題型，他們分別是: 詞匯題，指代題，句子簡(jiǎn)化題，句子插入題，細(xì)節(jié)題，否定信息題，推理題，作者目的題，小結(jié)題和圖表填空題。每一種題型都有各自的特點(diǎn)，解題策略也是不同的。今天小編為大家分享的是前五種題型的解題策略，后面五種題型將在后面分享在應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)，請(qǐng)大家及時(shí)關(guān)注。
I 詞匯題 Vocabulary questions
在托�？荚嚠�(dāng)中，詞匯題的主要目的是考察考生能否識(shí)別詞匯在陌生語(yǔ)境中的含義。既然強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)境，那么通過(guò)識(shí)別生詞附近的語(yǔ)境含義，往往可以推測(cè)出生詞的含義。我們來(lái)看一道新托福考試官方指南上的題目：
Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert.
6. The word exposed in the passage is closest in meaning to
· Explained
· Visible
· Identified
· Located
這道題目很多同學(xué)會(huì)選擇第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(locate：坐落于…)，將這個(gè)含義帶入到語(yǔ)句當(dāng)中，意思也通順，指Basilosaurus坐落于撒哈拉沙漠。但是這里需要注意的是，托福的詞匯題并不是選項(xiàng)帶入搭配合適就一定能找到正確答案，而是應(yīng)該從語(yǔ)境入手來(lái)選擇。正確的做法是，首先查看生詞附近有無(wú)并列，轉(zhuǎn)折等語(yǔ)境上的含義暗示。本句當(dāng)中，生詞的前方有“and”來(lái)暗示并列，而從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，前半句中的動(dòng)詞“found”，意思是“找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)”，那么后半句的exposed對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)境也應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)現(xiàn)某物，即找到，或者看見某物。因此這道題目的正確答案選擇B(visible：可看見的)。
II指代題 Reference questions
指代題在托福考試中題量大約為0-2個(gè)，主要考察學(xué)生能否找到原文中代詞的指代對(duì)象。解決指代題最基本的原則為：?jiǎn)螐?fù)數(shù)與人稱一致，前指且符合句意。
It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.
5. The word it in the passage refers to
·Pakicetus
·Fish
·○Life
·ocean
本句代詞作主語(yǔ)，在結(jié)構(gòu)上指代上一句話主句中的名詞主語(yǔ)，即A選項(xiàng)的Pakicetus。也可以采用帶入的方法，將選項(xiàng)逐一帶入，符合搭配的只有A選項(xiàng)，其余選項(xiàng)，B fish 魚類，C life 生命，D ocean海洋，都無(wú)法“bred and gave birth，哺育后代”。
III 句子簡(jiǎn)化題 Sentence Simplification questions
句子簡(jiǎn)化題是新題型之一，在這里我們相信的講解一下。對(duì)于句子簡(jiǎn)化題，有一些題目如果句子不長(zhǎng)，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。找到原句中的關(guān)鍵的詞在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中進(jìn)行同義替換。例如，
In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先來(lái)看題干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
該題要求從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)能夠表達(dá)原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學(xué)采用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然后逐個(gè)翻譯四個(gè)選項(xiàng)。這種做法不僅浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且對(duì)我們的讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當(dāng)中為數(shù)不多的原句比較簡(jiǎn)單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在于強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C項(xiàng)當(dāng)中的distinguished。但是大多數(shù)題目的原文不會(huì)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，多數(shù)是帶有邏輯關(guān)系的復(fù)雜句。那么簡(jiǎn)單的同義替換技巧就無(wú)法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個(gè)部分來(lái)解析。
IV 句子插入題 Insert Text questions
█Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. █Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. █In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. █He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.
12. Look at the four squares █ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
解題思路：
Insert Text question。該題型要求考生將一句話插入到原文四個(gè)黑色空格的其中一個(gè)當(dāng)中，使得段落看起來(lái)更通順。首先可以從這個(gè)單獨(dú)的句子中找到暗示點(diǎn)，例如，本題待插入句子為：This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods. 主語(yǔ)部分為：這個(gè)對(duì)于感情的認(rèn)知的普遍性。如果待插入句子中出現(xiàn)代詞，則代詞所指內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)在該句之前出現(xiàn)，結(jié)合這道題目，在這個(gè)句子應(yīng)當(dāng)插入的空之前必有：對(duì)于感情認(rèn)知的普遍性。這道題目選擇第三個(gè)黑色方框，其之前的句子為：
Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. 意思是：另外，來(lái)自不同文化背景的人能夠通過(guò)面部表情的識(shí)別來(lái)判斷對(duì)方的情緒。來(lái)自不同文化背景的人都可以判斷出來(lái)，這里暗示了universality 普遍性。同時(shí)，放在第三個(gè)空也可以對(duì)應(yīng)后面的內(nèi)容。待插入句子說(shuō)到“demonstrated by using rather simple methods”：可以用簡(jiǎn)單的方式證明，對(duì)應(yīng)第三個(gè)空后方的句子：In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs(在經(jīng)典的研究項(xiàng)目當(dāng)中)。
再來(lái)看一道題目，
Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines." ■By holding in rather than venting "steam," we set the stage for future explosions. ■Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.
首先我們來(lái)看待插入句子：According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression. 本句的前半句說(shuō)道，According to Freud,(根據(jù)弗洛伊德的理論);后半句：impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.被壓抑的沖動(dòng)會(huì)持續(xù)存在并且需要表達(dá)。這個(gè)句子是一句概括性的陳述，一般概括性陳述的后方需要有具體的細(xì)節(jié)句子來(lái)提供支持解釋。所以這道題目選擇第二個(gè)空。第二空格之后緊跟：The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as "steam engines."(從某種意義上講，弗洛伊德的觀點(diǎn)是將人類看做“蒸汽機(jī)”)。這里既可以對(duì)應(yīng)Freud，又有具體的細(xì)節(jié)交代，說(shuō)持續(xù)存在的沖動(dòng)，就好比蒸汽機(jī)，這里的steam engines是解釋他觀點(diǎn)的具體細(xì)節(jié)。
V 細(xì)節(jié)題 Factual Information questions
細(xì)節(jié)題是托�？荚嚠�(dāng)中題量最大的一種題型，主要是對(duì)原文的事實(shí)信息進(jìn)行提問(wèn)來(lái)考察學(xué)生的信息檢索能力和閱讀能力，并且所有的選項(xiàng)都會(huì)出現(xiàn)原文的信息來(lái)對(duì)考生進(jìn)行干擾。例如：
The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.
10. According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
○Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
○Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.
○They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
○They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
做細(xì)節(jié)題的第一步就是“定位”，要找到原文答案所在的區(qū)間。題干中問(wèn)到“bluefin tunas”，我們回到原文，找到定位句：…A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77°F)…，即藍(lán)鰭金槍魚可以在低于自己體溫(25°C)的水溫(7°C)中生活，所以正確答案選擇第三個(gè)。而其它干擾選項(xiàng)在原文均有出現(xiàn)，但是并不屬于題干所問(wèn)內(nèi)容。
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